Thomas Friedman
WHAT’S the right strategy
for dealing with a world increasingly divided between zones of order and
disorder? For starters, you’d better understand the forces of disorder, like
Boko Haram or the Islamic State. These are gangs of young men who are telling us
in every way possible that our rules no longer apply. Reason cannot touch them,
because rationalism never drove them. Their barbarism comes from a dark place,
where radical Islam gives a sense of community to humiliated, drifting young
men, who have never held a job or a girl’s hand. That’s a toxic mix.
It’s why Orit Perlov, an Israeli expert on Arab social networks, keeps telling me that since
I can’t visit the Islamic State, which is known as ISIS, and interview its
leaders, the next best thing would be to see “Batman: The Dark Knight.” In
particular, she drew my attention to this dialogue between Bruce Wayne and
Alfred Pennyworth:
Bruce Wayne: “I knew the mob wouldn’t go down without a fight, but this is
different. They crossed the line.”
Alfred Pennyworth: “You crossed the line first, sir. You squeezed them. You hammered them
to the point of desperation. And, in their desperation, they turned to a man
they didn’t fully understand.”
Bruce Wayne: “Criminals aren’t complicated, Alfred. Just have to figure out what
he’s after.”
Alfred Pennyworth: “With respect, Master Wayne, perhaps this is a man that you
don’t fully understand, either. A long time ago, I was in Burma. My friends and
I were working for the local government. They were trying to buy the loyalty of
tribal leaders by bribing them with precious stones. But their caravans were
being raided in a forest north of Rangoon by a bandit. So we went looking for
the stones. But, in six months, we never met anybody who traded with him. One
day, I saw a child playing with a ruby the size of a tangerine. The bandit had
been throwing them away.”
Bruce Wayne: “So why steal them?”
Alfred Pennyworth: “Well, because he thought it was good sport. Because some men aren’t
looking for anything logical, like money. They can’t be bought, bullied,
reasoned, or negotiated with. Some men just want to watch the world burn. ...”
Bruce Wayne: “The bandit, in the forest
in Burma, did you catch him?”
Alfred Pennyworth: “Yes.”
Bruce Wayne: “How?”
Alfred Pennyworth: “We burned the forest
down.”
We can’t just burn down Syria or Iraq or
Nigeria. But there is a strategy for dealing with the world of disorder that
I’d summarize with this progression:
Where there is disorder —
think Libya, Iraq, Syria, Mali, Chad, Somalia — collaborate with every source
of local, regional and international order to contain the virus until the
barbarism burns itself out. These groups can’t govern, so ultimately locals
will seek alternatives.
Because our founding
fathers were escaping from tyranny, they were focused “on how power can be
constrained,” Fukuyama explained to me in an interview. “But before power can
be constrained, it has to be produced. ... Government is not just about
constraints. It’s about providing security, infrastructure, health and rule of law.
And anyone who can deliver all of that” — including China — “wins the game
whether they are democratic or not. ... ISIS got so big because of the failure
of governance in Syria and Iraq to deliver the most basic services. ISIS is not
strong. Everything around it was just so weak,” riddled with corruption and
sectarianism.
There is so much state
failure in the Arab world, argues Fukuyama, because of the persistence there of
kinship/tribal loyalties — “meaning that you can only trust that narrow group
of people in your tribe.” You can’t build a strong, impersonal, merit-based
state when the only ties that bind are shared kin, not shared values. It took
China and Europe centuries to make that transition, but they did. If the Arab
world can’t overcome its tribalism and sectarianism in the face of ISIS
barbarism, “then there is nothing we can do,” said Fukuyama. And theirs will be
a future of many dark nights.
